Summary notes Billy elliot

Purpose Present viewers with the realities of being different Changing pre-conceptions towards themes of gender and sexuality through a story of a young boy dealing with these issues Encourages acceptance and breaking free from stereotypes Links to ‘Into the World' Young people have ability to rise against prejudice and overcome obstacles to become a success as they move into adulthood E. G. Billy reluctantly participating in boxing to please his father (obstacles) 0 naturally drawn to ballet which is contrasted to Tony's violent, defiant character (e. Riot scene where Tony attempts to evade the police and Is captured and beaten) with Billy's quiet and gentle persona to demonstrate different ways In which young people transition Into adulthood. Billy does not fit the male stereotype expected from the working class Love of music and dancing that separates him from other boys his age His dream is to possibly escape the angry, motherless family through Mrs.. Wilkinson suggestion f or the Royal Ballet School. He responds to the loss of his mother with grief, opposing the angry, silent espouses of Tony and Jackie.He experiences difficult situations for an eleven year old though responds with courage, passion and determination. This affirms Mrs.. Wilkinson advice that: â€Å"It's not about what you know†¦ It's about how you move, how you express yourself,† Aftermath of Billy's experiences of growing up and moving into the world are positive and negative Positive: Achieves his goal to be a dancer and surpass the restrictions of the congested town Negative: Criticism of schoolmates and family 0 must hide his passion from the worldThe piano that belonged to Billy's mother acts as a symbol of hope and escape for Billy E. G. Jackie yells at Billy to stop playing, foreshadowing the negative impact that his father's anger will have on Billy in his search for beauty. E. G. When Jackie cuts up the piano for firewood on Christmas, Billy asks â€Å"Do you thin k she'll mind? † â€Å"Shut it Billy, she's dead'. Here, the destruction of the piano symbolizes Billy's destroyed hopes to escape through music and dance.Music Main genre punk rock to capture feelings of angst and frustration towards poverty ND prejudice they experienced Upbeat pop rock is included when Billy succeeds creating tone of excitement e. G. Hiding the ballet shoes under the bed Non-dietetic music used to symbolism change in Billy e. G. Dancing through the streets with ballet slippers around his neck, paralleling previous images of him with boxing gloves similarly positioned, combined with uplifting music 0 change in attitude and direction in life for Billy. Dietetic music used to show Billy's growing happiness e.

Critical Thinking Reflection Essay

Of the topics that I could choose from, I chose to discuss how to reduce poverty in the United States. Poverty in the United States has been something that I have been personally hearing about since I was a child. It has always been a topic during every Presidential debate that I can remember. While growing up, I have always pondered ways of helping others that were less fortunate than myself. This had led me to believe whole-heartedly that the poverty rate can be reduced through several avenues. The first way that poverty can be reduced is by increasing the minimum wage. The current minimum wage is $7.25. â€Å"In the late 1960s, a full-time worker earning the minimum wage could lift a family of three out of poverty† (Vallas, 2014). If the minimum wage back then was indexed to inflation it would be $10.86 per hour today (Vallas, 2014). If the United States would raise the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour, it would bring more than 4 million Americans out of poverty (Vallas, 2014). Another major way I feel that the poverty rate in the United States can be decreased is by taxing wealthy a lot more than they are currently being taxed. As of 2010, the lowest 20% of Americans paid an 11.1% tax rate while the top 1% paid only 5.6% (Waldron, 2013). The lowest percentile is paying nearly twice as much in taxes compared to the top 1 percentile. If the taxation of the rich was at a higher percentile then the monies accumulated could go toward programs that could help lift the less fortunate above the poverty line. It may be my personal opinion, but I do feel that the 1% can â€Å"afford† the higher taxes due to them not being affected by it as much as the lower and middle class. Even Warren Buffet stated, â€Å"I would suggest 30 percent of taxable income between $1 million and $10 million, and 35 percent on amounts above that† (Buffet, 2012). If we choose to change these two particular aspects, not only will poverty decrease greatly, but our economy would continue to flourish. Unfortunately, the legislature has the final say so when it comes to taxation of the United States populace. I just hope that one day that everyone can have the same goal in mind and find a way to bring up our fellow Americans from poverty. The critical thinking process I used in regards to formulating a resolution to lowering the poverty rate in the United States is quite similar to the process that we have been using throughout our studies in the classroom. The first step is to â€Å"State the Problem†, which is â€Å"How can we reduce the poverty rate in the United States†. The second step is to â€Å"State the alternatives†, which I described in my reflection above. The third step is to â€Å"Identify the Pros/Cons of each alternative. I will admit that I did skip this step because I felt that the 4th step clarified everything. Step 4 is â€Å"What is the solution†. I truly believe that a raise in minimum wage and the increased taxation of the wealthy would greatly reduce the poverty level within the United States. Step 5 is â€Å"How well is the solution working†. This can’t be evaluated until Congress passes laws to substantiate my alternatives that I put forth. As I stated in a previous assignment, critical thinking can be used in all areas of life. From making decisions regarding your children to that big decision at work, critical thinking can play a pivotal part in the success or failure of a person. Even though critical thinking is a great tool in making decisions, sometimes your â€Å"gut instinct† will overrule logic. It’s just human nature. We, as humans, are emotional at times and can make decisions based off of those emotions. This is the only feasible reason I could see the critical thinking process not working properly. As far as steps that I can take to continue to use critical thinking in the future, I feel that always taking a step back and weighing all options in any situation would require me to think critically. For me to be successful, I must make wise decisions and that comes from using the critical thinking techniques I have learned throughout this course. With these critical thinking techniques â€Å"under my belt†, I have all the necessary tools to  succeed and prosper in today’s society. Reference Page 1. Buffet, W. (2012). A Minimum Tax for the Wealthy. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/opinion/buffett-a-minimum-tax-for-the-wealthy.html?_r=1& 2. Vallas, R. (2014). The Top 10 Solutions to Cut Poverty and Grow the Middle Class. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2014/09/17/97287/the-top-10-solutions-to-cut-poverty-and-grow-the-middle-class/ 3. Waldron, T. (2013). ‘Fundamentally Unfair’: How States Tax The Richest 1 Percent At Half The Rate Of The Poor. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/01/30/1514461/states-tax-rich-half-poor/

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical Analysis - Essay Example (Storer v. Manchester City Council1).However it must be stressed that not all communications are offers. An invitation to treat is an invitation by one person to the other to commence negotiations. An advertisement is generally treated as an invitation to treat. (Partridge v. Crittenden2). However the courts in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.3 found that an advertisement constituted to be an offer. The main reason was that an amount of reward which had been specified was guaranteed, this was seen by the fact that 1000 pounds had been deposited in the bank. However a revocation of a unilateral offer has caused problems. It has been suggested by Treitel that revocation of an offer may occur by the same means of communication of offer. The problem that the courts have faced at times is that of ascertaining when acceptance of a unilateral offer has taken place. The uncertainty that has been caused due to such problems of offer, acceptance and revocation must be resolved by adopting a legislative act and to form an integrated approach to remove any uncertainty. Thus the case law can be taken into account and an Act can be put into effect. The uncertainties will be resolved in the sense that clear points would be present as to when a unilateral offer has come into affect, when acceptance of such offer has taken place and finally of revocation. However if an act is established it would provide a bit more certainty at the cost of flexibility. Thus the flexibility which has prevailed in contract law might be said to be given away. However it can be said that certainty is a vital factor which would be more beneficial than flexibility. In the case of David it can be said that the acceptance would only take place after he had found the coins. Thus the revocation would have taken place if Perry had revoked the offer through the same newspaper. Presuming that David had not been informed of the

Article Crtique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Crtique - Essay Example The integration of the model into the health care industry was ensured by additional literature review, practice analysis, expert panel inputs, and pilot-testing survey. The variability in the application of the design has been handled by its wide coverage of twenty six behavioral and technical competencies. These competencies belong to three major domains in the studied industry. However each of these competencies were defined and benchmarked by behavioral indicators, or levels which were used to assess the progress of the professionals involved. The study model also took into consideration the differential developmental requirements. The Health Leadership Competency Model fits into academic conditions and also adheres well with practical circumstances in health care. The article addressed a clearly focused issue. The article aims at reviewing the operational results associated with the Health Leadership Competency Model being used in a number of organizations related with health care industry. It also aims to critically evaluate the outcomes of the application of Health Leadership Competency Models being used in healthcare management graduate programs. The article also specifically identifies the competencies for the model, its specifications and the validation process. The focus of the research is streamlined and has a defined direction. The objectives of the study have been justified by other literatures as z need of the industry. Standardization of Health Leadership Competency Models have been demanded by a number of researchers in the field. The authors have referred to appropriate and adequate works. The author referred to an explicit range of database and periodicals. A wide range was covered as literatures have been referred by the authors in the process of reviewing the outcomes Health Leadership Competency Model. Literatures pertaining to the need of improvisation in

The process of investigating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The process of investigating - Essay Example Thereafter, a comprehensive step of gathering evidence follows (Walters and Petroni, Pg 9).Evidence forms the most critical part of the whole process, since a verdict is made by using the available evidence. The process of gathering adequate evidence always needs the highest level of organization and enthusiasm on the issues at hand in order to get the relevant evidence that can be used to make that just and fair judgment. It remains one of the main steps that will go a long way in enhancing skills of the people involved in spearheading the investigation. These are possible for the fact that the process involves a step-by-step process that will rely on the comprehensive handling of the preceding step in order to make the right move forward (Baryamureeba and Florence Pg, 18). Thus, an investigator has to uphold up to standard organizational skills to ensure a smooth, coherent and comprehensive investigation concerning the issues. At the end of the day, the investigator perfects the skill of organizing self on the way they handle their activities not only in that particular investigation, but also in ones life as a whole. After enough evidence are gathered, the findings are then used to make a decision on the way forward from that issue. At this point, the people involved get the fairest verdict on whatever they are involved in, which is a great step towards helping the community at large. People get just and fair treatment in any kind of issues where proper investigation is involved because there is adequate knowledge about those issues. Mental awareness of both the investigator and the client involved is increased with comprehensive use of these steps to conduct an investigation. Mental awareness is crucial for the fact that acceptance of the outcomes of issues is very reliant on the clients mental stability after a verdict is made. With adequate information

The Ethical Conduct within AIM and ECA Research Paper - 1

The Ethical Conduct within AIM and ECA - Research Paper Example Personal values stand up to be critical issues within the workplace in recent scenario. On a long-run basis, if the employers and the employees consistently don’t follow the code of business standard, the organizations cannot prosper. Differentiated professions entail various ethical codes and professional behavioral standard. In this regard, two such professions i.e. Australian Institute of Management (AIM) and Early Childhood Australia has been considered in this essay. These professions have been considered for deriving information regarding ethical conduct and behavioral standard practiced within it. The AIM is a non-profit entity, which promotes the development of education and the learning’s within the field of management along with leadership. Furthermore, the aforementioned aim of AIM is to foster development within industry, government and the commerce. The mission of AIM is to accelerate the excellence of management and the leadership skills by promoting and d eveloping the professions at differentiated levels. Moreover, the vision of the institute is to develop skilled managers for societal development Early Childhood Australia (ECA) ensures the quality, equity and the social justices related to issues pertaining to education and children’s care from birth till the age of eight years. This particular profession inculcates certain values such as; rights of the children, openness, and honesty and societal inclusion of children among others (Early Childhood Australia, 2013). This essay intends to explain the code of professional behavior within AIM and ECA. Furthermore, the essay will reflect about the importance of ethics and professional conduct within the workplace. Reflective view on the ethical and unethical behavior in the light of AIM and ECA will be inculcated within this essay. Comparison and contrast between the ethical code of AIM and ECA will also be a part of this essay. Discussion Importance Of Codes Of Ethics Within Wo rkplace The workplace ethics is often defined as â€Å"To conform to an accepted and especially professional standard of conduct†. The acceptable set of behavior within an organization is termed as the code of conduct. It aims to encourage a higher standard of practice within an organization. The code of conduct assists the employees in attaining development within the organization through their working efficiency (Baker, 2006; Code of Conduct, n.d.).This section intends to explain the importance of ethical code within AIM and ECA. AIM being a learning institute need to adhere to strict ethical conduct for an overall development. AIM’s ethical conduct represents a set of procedures that aim at accelerated management skills and its ethical role within an organization. Members of AIM need to discharge their responsibility with immense integrity. Correspondingly, the members observe and adhere to the standard mentioned within ‘Good management Practice’ that i s determined by AIM on regular basis.

Shamrock Convenient Store on Lake Wee,GA and Shamrock Convenient Store Essay

Shamrock Convenient Store on Lake Wee,GA and Shamrock Convenient Store #2 - Essay Example The strategic point implies that the set up cost is expected to be relatively high. The startup capital is estimated to be $600000 with stock taking a $500000. The remaining amount will be used in other expenses such are business registration, licenses and refurbishing the premises. Sales revenues are expected to grow by 15% for the next three years. The growth in sales will be used to offset debt obligations of the firm. As noted, the firm will use debt financing to start and operate. Despite the increase in expenses and taxes, the sales revenue will be high enough to offset the expenses and retain the high profit margin. The business will rely on debt financing to fund its operations for the first 3 months. After 3 months business operations will be funded from the sales proceeds. The implication here is that the business will be able to sustain itself. The business will start servicing its debt while maintain a degree of profitability. According to Levinson (2007), guerilla-marketing strategies are essential for small business since they are inexpensive and thus require a small marketing budget. The guerilla strategies aim at attracting the attention of the target audience. In this regard, the Shamrock Convenient Store will use the strategies to reach out to prospective customers. The strategies are advised by the fact that the convenience store targets the local population as well as travelers. Shamrock Convenient Store will use strategies such as legal graffiti, raising awareness on social media, word of mouth, and creating partnerships. Graffiti is important as it boosts visibility of the business and curiosity of the target audience. The business will identify some of the dirty walls within the neighborhood and clean them. The walls will then be painted with attractive colors with the stores logo and several of its products (Mumaw, 2011). By so doing, the community will appreciate the work done in cleaning the walls and also in painting. Painting

Litature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Litature - Essay Example American Revolution and the declaration of independence play a vital role in the process of identity formation and one can find the subterranean interrelation between American literature and American identity. Technologies and electronic developments affect the reading habit and it also influences the literature in America. American Renaissance is often considered as a hopeful movement that visualized America as the real descendant to the great western civilization. Renaissance which occurred in mid 19th century has paved the way for an overall change in American social as well as literary filed. During the periods of 1800 to 1870, most of the American masterpieces were produced. After a detailed analysis of the history of American literature one can see that after renaissance writers in America followed a new style or method of storytelling and versification. The expression of national spirit is another major characteristic of new American style. Current political and cultural sphere is filled with the evilness of terrorism and other types of crisis. One can feel that literature should illustrate or reflect the evilness and futility of terrorism and other regional polarizations. The exponents of transcendentalism have focused in a new culture based on native rudiments or ‘Americans’. American ideal of individual consciousness and actions is the most significant feature of American style. Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the striking figures in Renaissance literature has given more emphasis on the philosophy of self reliance which represents the need for the individual to check most of all types of social customs and to change ideas by the commonly accepted standards and values of the community. Self- reliance, individualistic power, enthusiastic feelings about the fascination of power, superior human intelligence and the philosophy of action are visible in American writings during Renaissance period. All

Financial Systems and audits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Systems and audits - Essay Example An income statement is composed of several items, including sales, costs, increase and decrease in intangible value, taxes, and outstanding shares. Another key accounting record is the balance sheet. A balance sheet categorizes a company’s resources such as assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. According to Pandey (2002), the components of a balance sheet are divided into current and long-term categories. Pandey (2002) further observes that these components are listed in order of liquidity. Besides a balance sheet and income of statement, a statement of cash flows is also very important in a business. A statement of cash flow provides one with information about a company’s cash receipts and cash payments during a period. According to Khan and Jain (2003), a statement of cash flow has several objectives. Firstly, it is effective in predicting the amounts timing and ascertaining of future cash flows. Secondly, it indicates how cash is used and generated. For thes e reasons, it also helps the creditors, stockholders and customers to determine the flow of cash in a business. Thirdly, it helps an entrepreneur to understand the differences between net income and net cash flow from operating activities. Finally, it helps an entrepreneur to examine a company’s investing activities and financing transactions. 2. Importance of accounting concepts It is important for an entrepreneur to understand different accounting concepts the common of which are business entity, matching concept, money measurement, going concern, accounting period, cost concept, realization concept and accrual concept. To understand the importance of each of these concepts it is instructive to examine their roles. To start with, the business entity treats business and owner as two different entities. In other words, a business entity is the very basis of accounting concepts, conventions and principles. The money measurement concept allows an entrepreneur to distinguish bet ween transactions that can be expressed in terms of money and those that cannot. The going-concern concept assumes a business entity can carry out its activities for an indefinite period of time. This concept is important as it facilitates the preparation of financial statements. The accounting period concept is important in calculating tax, predicting future prospects of a business and helping an entrepreneur to procure credit from financial institutions. The accounting cost concept requires all assets to be recorded in the books of account at their purchase price. This requirement is helpful in the sense that it allows an entrepreneur to calculate depreciation of fixed assets. Another key concept is the dual aspect concept which allows an entrepreneur to detect errors. Another key concept is the realization concept which makes accounting information more objective. Equally important is the accrual concept which helps an entrepreneur to know the actual expenses and income during a particular period of time. In addition, using this concept an entrepreneur should be able to calculate the net profit of his or her business. Finally, there is the matching concept which states that revenue and expenses should be recorded in the same accounting period. This concept should help an entrepreneur to ascertain the exact amount of profit or loss of the business. 3. Factors influencing the structure of accounting systems In order to effectively business it is also important for an

Internet, or computers is a new necessity Essay Example for Free

Internet, or computers is a new necessity Essay This paper asserts that the Internet is not a luxury anymore in everyday life, hence it is has become a new necessity and that the Internet today benefits many aspects of life physically, economically and socially. This paper will prove these assertions with evidence and counterarguments by overcoming by at least one argument that may forwarded against. Starting with physical reason, it is argued by some that Internet is should only be used by those in the office and those who have the luxury of time and money. Computers which are means to access the Internet are needed only if one has money is the justification of some. This may have been the result a survey conducted for the Americans (Pew Research Center, 2006) where the respondents were all rich and therefore they can afford to have computers that would eventually lead them to have a continuous access in the Internet. If one ask a group of people who have no money, will they then answer the same thing or will they answer that they also need the internet only that they cannot afford? This paper believes the second argument that the lack of money in the meantime is equivalent to absence of need. This is argument may be the result the of movement to give one laptop for each child by a non government organization despite the utter lack of money of every child to have the access to the internet. The hidden reason is the indispensability of having to be linked to the world to benefit from the knowledge economy. The lack of money should not be therefore a reason recognize that the need is not there. To further support this counter argument is the belief that a hungry man who cannot afford to eat does not mean that he or she does not need the food the food anymore. What the hungry do is to find the means in order to have that food. For economic reason, it is argued by some that access to the Internet via computers should only be accessed by those who have financial transactions via the network. The internet is supposed to facilitate business communications among those who are into it like the banks. The said argument misses the point of having to have access in the Internet. Who else will not need the banking industry this time? If one belongs to a third world country and waits for a cash remittance from a first world country, does he or she not know that the money will have to pass through the Internet that links the banks around the world. In case the remitter and the expected recipient will encounter a problem with the remittance, will they not require the use of the Internet to facilitate the communication? If this happened before, they can talk via phone but this time a cheaper mode is available. They can chat in the Internet and they can solve their problem from there. That point of this counter argument is that business entities use the Internet, the public will have to follow using the same because that is demanded by the need of the times. It may be explained that the banking industry are interlinked around the world, hence to say that they are not interlinked is shortsightedness. Investors from richer countries of the world are pouring their investments in poorer countries too with the expectation of the developing the market. What will this rich investor’s do is to employ people from these poor countries and the moment these workers have financial capacity, they will immediately become members of the financial community that lives on computers and the Internet. With communications to have become cheaper, the Internet has employed many which afforded people to better educate them selves. Because of the Internet, people can now study online and can transact online. Shall not the better education and better communication caused by the Internet then? For social reason, Hertlein and Sendak (n. d. ) also argued that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet allows users to develop online interpersonal relationships and this resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously existing assumed romantic relationships. They thus argued for Internet infidelity resulting from these breaches. They also noted that fact that as the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, it also inherently affects the manner in which a couple defines intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous and upon which they may not agree under the present level of technology using the Internet. Seeing the effect of such change on interpersonal relationships, they saw the effect of a â€Å"compromised intimacy and a devaluing of the primary relationship, potentially cascading into other significant problems. † (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d. ). It may be counter-argued however that what may have been termed as internet infidelity may infer that as an increased freedom to communicate and express oneself because freedom allows so. It cannot be argued that the Internet cause infidelity because it is the human person who made the choice to communicate for more freely to other people. To justify their points, Hertlein, and Sendak said that the paradoxical nature of online relationships has been noted by many where they illustrated cases of people engaged in online relationships that can choose to present a detached attachment. They explained that Internet allows for immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity thus allowing transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. This, the authors found causes â€Å"elements of a disembodied corporeality, easily abandoned high investment and strictly private proclamations of the union. † (Hertlein and Sendak,n.d. ) Again this appears to be short sighted interpretation of the use of the Interne since it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. It may be argued that people make choices not the Internet. As further evidence against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak found flirting in use of the Internet, masturbations committed online (Hertlein and Sendak , n. d). They cited Maheu and Subotnik who found flirtation leads to erotic satisfaction â€Å"as there is a mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life. † (M Mahu R Subotnik, 9) They also cited research estimates that about 20% of Internet users while online to have engaged in some sexual activity (Cooper, Scherer, Mathy, 2001). On a balancing note, as counterargument against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak (n. d. ) cited that benefits from the use of the Internet such as the shift to better intellectual and emotional relationships of individuals due to individuals’ greater appreciation for online relationships. They cited a study, where participants reported greater levels of satisfaction with their online relationships than with their face-to-face relationships (Underwood, H B Findlay, 127-140). They also noted greater freedom to express feelings that could not be done in non-virtual relationships specially the for men. Before one knows it one is confession all sorts of things in the Internet and it is good for people psychologically. Good relationships may be produced in the net because of more freedom to express oneself or the result of an incontrovertible marketing of the self. In ace-to-face communication, one who engages in a relationship must in many aspects expose one’s identity to be potentially judged and the self cannot escape the agony of embarrassment. But in the Internet one can do many things like disguising in many names but with the eventual benefit of self discovery and more psychologically matured to face the world. Thus, Hertlein, and Sendak found that Internet users shape personal demographic information to be in better compliance with what they assume to be others’ version of the ideal mate that in so doing, a person may better come to understand how one’s own being can change. With the anonymity therefore afforded on the Internet that enhances one’s ability to promote any chosen identity, experimentation with different identities has become familiar commonly understood and practices by many in the Internet. What is the effect of all this is the social construction of self as highlighted and elevated? (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d). This paper has proven that the use of the computer or the Internet has become a necessity physically, economically and socially. The arguments forwarded against were overcome by contrary evidence. The physical reason that only in the office have need of the internet has almost made everybody not able almost able to live without the computer or the Internet because it is those who have the resources who make the world running by forcing almost every to see the benefits of the technology. One cannot refuse money passing through the high technology banking using the Internet. One will have to be eventually become part of the banking system of the international communication promoted by the Internet. The economic reasons are obvious. Who does not want cheaper cost of communication and faster way of service? Who would not want to see what is happening in the world when one will have the money to buy even a gadget to have access in the Internet? What would have caused the non-governmental organization to dream for one laptop for each child despite the financial incapacity to acquire one? Should we not rather conclude that there is a strong belief that they the acquisition of knowledge of more knowledge the faster way that will cause intellectual and economic prosperity of these children? There is also enough ground to overcome the argument that that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet has allowed the online interpersonal relationships that resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously which were romantic relationships before. That the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, to have affected the couple definition of intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous are just sighs of enlightened path for more freedom to intimacy in other forms. It was explained that what may have been termed as internet infidelity is actually a failure to appreciate and adjust to changing reality that people have become more socially adjustable indeed because of the technology. It was thus observed that people engaged in online relationships that can have a detached attachment, immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity which transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. The finding by authors of more socially adjusted beings mere pointed to the need to have the technology these days where people could now have parties and occasions even if these people are apart from each other. The argument against by using on line or Internet infidelity is a shortsighted interpretation of the use of the technology as it is basic to understand that it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. The finding also that online activities resulted to flirtation leading to erotic satisfaction given the mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life is just a revelation that man has been doing the same thing in secret with or without the Internet. The Internet was invented to serve mankind and since necessity is the mother of all inventions, one could not but accept the fact the invention has become a necessity. The ever increasing growth of the industry are living proofs Internet is to remain in the lives of many people because not only that the advantages of far outweighs the disadvantages of having the same but the technology come into being because of the need to survive. Economically speaking technology increased production and productivity although population continuously grows. Works Cited:Cooper, Scherer, Mathy, Overcoming †¦over a 5-year Period’, Journal of Personality Social Psychology 84(2): 352–64, 2001 D Greenfield, Virtual Addiction. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 1999. Hertlein and Sendak, Love â€Å"Bytes†: Internet Infidelity and the Meaning of Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Relationships, n. d. , www document} URL http://www. inter-disciplinary. net/ptb/persons/pil/pil1/hertleinsendak%20paper. pdf, Accessed July 14,2007 M Mahu R Subotnik, Infidelity on the Internet. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. , 2001, p. 9. Nie, N. Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the InternetReconciling Conflicting Findings, 2001, Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 3, 420-435 (2001)2001 SAGE Publications, {www document} URL , Pew Research Center Luxury or Necessity? Things We Can’t Live Without: The List Has Grown in the Past Decade December 14, 2006, {www document} URL, http://pewresearch. org/pubs/323/luxury-or-necessity, Accessed July 14,2007 Underwood, H B Findlay, Internet Relationships and Their Impact on Primary Relationship, Behavior Change, 21/2, 2004, pp. 127-140.

Free Time In Germany And Bangladesh Cultural Studies Essay

Free Time In Germany And Bangladesh Cultural Studies Essay Free time is the time when people have nothing specific to do, when they can dispose of their spare time at their own sweet will. Not only the people are free from work, they are with an unoccupied mind. The necessity for having a rest from work and worry cannot be too much stressed. Peoples life is usually bound by routine; free time affords an opportunity to escape out of the compulsions of routine and breathe the fresh air of freedom. Free time perhaps is the very essence of life. People dont live to create work but to enjoy free time. Free time as the most priceless thing a people can have. To them the only object of work is to obtain free time. I am going to compare and contrast free time in Germany and Bangladesh. Description: Focusing the two countries: In Germany people spend their free time watching soccer, they practice a lot of sport, passing their time with outdoor activities, otherwise, theyre busy with their pets (especially dogs), they spend the weekend visiting their relatives living in another city, they throw out barbecue parties, and they have spectacular brunch Sunday. They have 6 hour 34 minute free time in every 24 hour according to their national survey (OECD) In Bangladesh people dont have that much free time like the other Europeans countries. They usually spend their free time watching TV, visiting relatives house. Younger people plays cricket. Now days young people love internet a lot, they likes to go out with their friend. Most of the women usually stay home in their free time. Watching TV in free time: In Germany not many people watch TV on their free time. According to their national survey (OECD) only 28 percent people spend their free time by watching TV or listening radio. Because of German soccer league on TV the percentage goes bit higher otherwise I couldve been much lower. Another reason behind that they dont like to stay at home on their free time, in summer they like outdoor sport or traveling. In winter they love to spend their free time in coffee shop or bar or they go out for ice skating. [Ref: http://www.n24.de/news/newsitem_5027850.html] As for Bangladesh concern, watching TV is one of the best ways to spend free time. They havent done any national survey to say the percentage of it, but because Bangladesh is a Muslim country, woman doesnt go outside that often like German women. So the large number of Bangladeshi women spending their free time by watching TV. Its not only the woman, the man also like to watch TV especially live sports (cricket). It is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. So we can tell now, both country loves to see sports on TV in their free time. But they watch different kind of sport. Traditional free times: Germany people celebrated a large number of traditional festivals in big way. Christmas, Fasching, Easter, Oktoberfest and Love parade are some of their traditional festivals. This is also count as their free time. The biggest free time they have is summer holiday, school kids have more than month break. The people can take also a month break, because they can have one month break in whole year. And they usually take it in summer. They like to travel with their family. Christmas is also their favorite free time. The month of December they have lots of free time, this month they get extra bonus salary. They spend their free time in this month by shopping and they often go restaurant to eat. And this month consider fun in Germany. Everyone is happy; especially children have lots of fun. Bangladesh people have lots of fixed public holiday called New Years Day, International Mother Language Day, Independence Day, Bengali Solar New Year, Labor Day, National Mourning Day, National Revolution Day, Victory Day, Christmas Day .There are also lots of religious holiday, especially they have two big religious holiday which they consider the best free time. Although its Muslim fest, but because Bangladesh is a Muslim country they enjoy that time. This two religious holiday called Eid Al Adha and Eid Al Fitr. In this two occasions people goes for shopping. Its the happiest free time for Bangladeshi people. [Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh] Both countries are different as religious point of view and cultural view. As for international holiday both countries people have same free time, but they spend it different way. Cultural and religious way they both have different holiday which they call free time. New Year celebration: The people in Germany celebrate New Year on the night of December 31st to January 1st. The people in Germany regard the New Year to be a major celebration. As a salute to the New Year celebrations the people in Germany light up fireworks. The New Year is called Neujahr and is observed as a public holiday in Germany. The customs in Germany play a significant role in the New Year celebrations. The New Year is a time to celebrate, enjoy and have fun. Its also their free time activities. [Ref: http://www.123newyear.com/newyear-customs/new-year-customs-germany.html] [Ref: http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/germany/new-year-day] Bengali New Year (Bengali Noboborsho) or (Pohela Boishakh) is the first day of the Bengali calendar, celebrated in Bangladesh. It coincides with the New Years Days of numerous Southern Asian calendars. Poila Boishakh connects all ethnic Bengalis irrespective of religious and regional differences. In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday celebrated around 14 April according to the official amended calendar designed by the Bangla Academy. They enjoy their free time in that day very much. [Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh] Free time in students view: In between study every students have their free time. German students love to attend their free time on sports. They like to play outdoor sports like soccer, ice skating, Basketball and indoor sports like Bowling, pool etc. In long holiday they love to go for study tour. They visit some other country university for attending two or three class. To improve their educational knowledge skills. This is really very nice things to do because students get opportunity to see the other country education system. Its a part of their education system, teacher also go with them. Bangladeshi students have also got study tour on their free time. They usually visit Historical places. Teachers also join them, to managing and telling them about the places. Bangladeshi students also go in coxs bazaar [largest sea beach in the world] sudorbon [largest mangrove forest in the world]. They have some national holiday called pohela boisakh, which is one of the biggest cultural fest they have. All the school, college, university arranged program for students where they celebrate. 21st February is international mother language day, Bangladesh celebrate this day more than any other country do, because of the blooded history behind of their mother language 1952. This day the whole country and the students doing lots of program to shown their love and respect to the Martyr. This is also their free time activities. One country fun differs in the other country: Oktoberfest is one of the popular fest in Germany. Its a part of German culture; its to drink bear (alcohol). German people often drink alcohol in their free time. Bar, pub, disco, night club its all part of spending free times for fun. They drink alcohol, if they have free time. Young people in Germany like to go in disco at night. Its obviously if they have free time. They have spectacular brunch Sunday; they enjoy it with their family. Weekend free time comes to end Sunday. Bangladesh is an Islamic country. Islamic law forbids the drinking of alcohol. Under Islamic law, drinking alcohol is classified as a serious or Hadd crime. Drinking in Bangladesh is also illegal. Although they have some bar where people can go to spend their free time and drinking. But it stills not that easiest like in Germany. In free time, drinking is normal in Germany. Its may be fun for them but its completely different case in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Bangladesh and Germany both country have some little things similar. Maximum way of spending free time is completely different. But the bottom line about free time in both the countries to occupied the time well, not to wasting it unnecessary. Because time as tide waits for none. And there are some ways, where German people find it as fun. But the same thing doesnt make any fun to Bangladeshi people. They find it unnecessary and against their religious thought. But still both have their own way to spending free times. And free times are all about relaxed from the stressful life. Because life is not only about work, its to live also. References Bibliographies: page viewed in date: 1st may 2011 http://www.holidayshub.com/holiday-traditions/german.html http://www.n24.de/news/newsitem_5027850.html http://www.bangladesh.com/national-holidays/ http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Bangladesh.html http://www.howtogermany.com/pages/schoolholidays.html http://www.ehow.com/list_7372498_islamic-laws-foreign-businesswomen.html http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/bangladesh/SOCIETY.html http://www.123newyear.com/newyear-customs/new-year-customs-germany.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/germany/new-year-day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh

Atomic Bombing :: Essays Papers

Atomic Bombing When asked, many people can think of an event that changed their lives instantly. For example, a near death experience may lead a person to see that life is fragile and that it should be lived to the fullest. Unfortunately, sometimes these events require the loss of innocent lives. In 1945, the United States dropped nuclear bombs on the japanese cites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in retaliation for the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the years following the attack, many writings have been published in order to capture the horrid nature of this event. The two that we will look at are â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† by John Hersey, and â€Å"Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member† by William Laurence. Hersey’s Story chronicles life after the bombing for one of the survivors while Laurence tells the story of the attack through the eyes of one of the crew members aboard one of the bomber planes. Both readings focus on the drastic events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki thr ough the utilization of different styles while conveying two completely contrasting points of views; however, Hersey’s comes across more effectively in the end. One of the more apparent differences is that Hersey’s â€Å"Hatsuyo Nakamura† is written in the third person. Telling the story in the third person prevents readers from seeing things through that person’s eyes. However, it gives a clearer overview of the situation as opposed to breaking down the person’s every thought. In this case, we see the effects of the radation on Nakamura; described as being â€Å"weak and destute† in the aftermath of the bombing. She ends up living in a wooden shack for the next few years where she would â€Å"begin a courageous struggle† in order to â€Å"keep her children and herself alive.† These quotes capture the very essence of her struggle and at the same time promote a feeling of empathy for Nakamura. She continues to struggle for a long time; she justifies this with the phrase, â€Å"Shikata ga-nai†, meaning â€Å"It can’t be helped.† In telling Nakamura’s story in t he third person, Hersey conveys the true feelings and experiences of the bombing victims through a fictional character. Instead of putting out facts and figures, he creates a world in which the reader is able to become engrossed in and even at times experience vividly.

computer basics :: essays research papers

Computers can be intimidating. Educating oneself about some of the basics of computers can lessen this intimidation. In addition, a computer user will be able to get the results that he or she is hoping for. Input devices, output devices, storage, and computer speed are a few areas that will be discussed further. In order to maintain accurate records or create precise results, data input should be done with the best possible input device. I will give examples of a few situations and explain which input device would work best. Printed Questionnaires- For this situation, I believe the most widely used input device, which is the keyboard, would work best. Questionnaires are made up of primarily letters and numbers that are easily found on a keyboard. Most people are familiar with a keyboard and creating a questionnaire should not be difficult. Telephone Survey- In this situation a touch input device may be a better choice, such as a touch screen. This way, the interviewee does not have to wait for the interviewer to finish typing. The touch screen would work best if there were multiple choice answers to the telephone survey. Bank Checks- The MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) is used by the banking industry. This device can scan checks quickly and ensures that checks are sent to the proper bank. Retail Tags- Most stores now use a bar-code scanner for pricing. The bar code scanner recognizes a series of bars of different lengths and sends that code to the computer. Even small retail stores may have a handheld bar code scanner to make pricing and checkout more efficient. Long Documents- Though I have never used this device, a voice input device would make long documents much easier. This requires special software and may require using the keyboard for editing. Because keyboards can cause injury, an individual that has to prepare many long documents may want to consider a voice input device. Just as accuracy and choosing the correct device for input is important, the same applies to output. Choosing the correct device can increase quality and convenience. In the following situations, I will share which output device I feel would work best: Hand held Computer- If an individual has a hand held computer; it is likely they are looking for mobility. Wireless data transfer would be ideal for this situation. Color Photograph- A photo quality printer should be used for color photographs. Some desktop printers will work, but often times the color will fade over time.

Kashmir Must Gain the Right of Self-determination Essay -- Argumentati

Kashmir Must Gain the Right of Self-Determination The protracted conflict in Kashmir has continually undermined efforts to restore peace and stability to the Indian subcontinent. This South Asian crisis must be resolved so that 'India and Pakistan can devote their resources and energies to the pressing task of advancing the welfare of their people' as espoused by the Simla Accord of 1972. The Simla Accord is the document that states both countries agreed to find peaceful solutions for the promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship that will restore peace to the subcontinent. The Simla Accord of 1972, however, has not been effectively implemented as the wave of human rights violations committed by both sides has demonstrated over the last decade. Why should Kashmir be granted their right of self-determination? First, the instrument of accession is illegitimate. Second, to stop the atrocities committed by both India and Pakistan that have prevented peaceful relations in South Asia. The need for India to recognize the illegitimacy of the instrument of accession is the starting point toward bilateral and conciliatory discussions between India and Pakistan. This will create an environment in which both countries can work toward establishing an independent Kashmir, the key to peaceful coexistence. Since India is crucial to the initiation of this process, an examination of the instrument of accession signed by the Maharaja Hari Singh and the Indian government on 26 October 1947 immediately follows. India must recognize the underlying weaknesses and the illegitimacy of the instrument of accession. The underlying weaknesses of the signing of the instrument of accession are clear and incontestable. First, the Maharaja l... ...ilitarize and restore peace and security to the Indian subcontinent as already agreed upon in the Simla Accord of 1972, and eventually both sides must work together to decentralize control of Kashmir and allow for the emergence of an independent and sovereign Kashmir. A sovereign Kashmir, free of outside interests and influences, will sustain and maintain ‘peaceful and harmonious’ relations on the Indian subcontinent. Works Cited: Potter, Pitman B. "The Principal Legal and Political Problems Involved in the Kashmir Case." American Journal of International Law, vol. 44, no.2, 1950. Rahman, Mushtaqur. Divided Kashmir: Old Problems, New Opportunities for India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri People. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Boulder, 1996. Thomas, Raju G.C. et al. Perspectives on Kashmir: The Roots of Conflict in South Asia. Westview Press. Boulder, 1992.

Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines

Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines Andres C. Soguilon Juris Doctor-1 UNIVERSITY OF CEBU COLLEGE OF LAW Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines Abstract This paper is a comparison between the laws governing the Muslim marriage and Divorce through Presidential Decree No. 1083, otherwise known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws and marriage and legal separation under the Family Code.It also compares the rights and obligations of spouses between the two codes. It analyzes the similarities and differences of the provisions on the requisites in contracting marriages between the two laws and the effects of legal separation as far as the Family Code is concern and the same with Islamic divorce as provided by law. Introduction The 1987 Philippine Constitution, in Article XV, Section 2, states that â€Å"Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State. The same constitution admits that â€Å"no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†1 and it respects the protection and conservation by the State of the customs, traditions, practices and beliefs of the Filipinos. Presidential Decree 1083 also known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws took effect on February 14, 1977 and the governing constitution then was the 1973 Constitution. According to Andres H. Hagad in his work â€Å"Comments on the Muslim Code: A Paper on PD. No. 038†, the code refers to Article XV, section 11 of the 1973 Constitution as the legal basis for its existence which states that â€Å"the State shall consider the customs, traditions, beliefs and interests of national cultural communities in the formulation and implementation of State policies. †2 1 2 T he 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article III, Section 5 Andres H. Hagad, Comments on the Muslim Code: A Paper on P. D. No. 1083, Philippine Law Journal [1977] Vol. 52 Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 2 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines RationaleThe Constitution, the laws and even Supreme Court’s decisions pertaining to issues involving marriage have been reflective of how the State wanted to protect the sanctity and value of marriage in the Philippines. The law even so provides that it shall not be governed by stipulations but by the Government and the latter must intervene in order to protect it. In line with this, the researcher seeks to be enlightened of the similarities and difference of marriages contracted in accordance with the Family Code in comparison to those contracted by Muslims provided by the Code of Muslim Personal Laws.Both codes give right to spouses to sep arate from each other on certain grounds, hence, comparison of the two would likely pave way to the idea of adopting one not only to protect the sanctity of marriage per se but also not to prejudice the constitutional and human rights of the parties involved. The Family Code and the Code of Muslim Personal Laws 1. What is Marriage? The Family Code of the Philippines defines marriage as a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life.It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided by the said code. 3 On the other hand, the Code of Muslim Personal Laws definesmarriage as not only a civil contract but a social institution. Its nature, consequences and incidents are governed by this Code and the Shari'a and not subject to stipulation, except that 3 Familly Code of the Philippines, Article I Andres C.Soguilon JD-1 Page 3 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines the marriage settlements may to a certain extent fix the property relations of the spouses. The two laws have a definition of marriage which is more or less akin to each other. 4 2. Requisites of Marriage Family Code of the Philippines Code of Muslim Personal Laws Art. 2. No marriage shall be valid, unless these essential requisites are present: 1. Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female; and 2.Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer Art. 15. Essential requisites. No marriage shall be perfected unless the following essential requisites are complied with: (a) Legal capacity of the contracting parties; (b) Mutual consent of the p arties freely given; (c) Offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) duly witnessed by at least two competent persons after the proper guardian in marriage (wali) has given his consent; and (d) Stipulation of customary dower (mahr) duly witnessed by two competent persons. Art. 3. The formal requisites of marriage are: 1. Authority of the solemnizing officer; 2.A valid marriage license except in the cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; and 3. A marriage ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officers and their personal Art. 16. Capacity to contract marriage. declaration that they take each other (1) Any Muslim male at least fifteen years as husband and wife in the presence of of age and any Muslim female of the not less than two witnesses of legal age puberty or upwards and not age. suffering from any impediment under the provisions of this Code may contract marriage.A female is presumed to have attained puberty upon reachin g the age of fifteen. (2) However, the Shari’a District Court may, upon petition of a proper wali, order the solemnization of the marriage of a female who though less than fifteen but not below twelve years of age, has attained puberty. (3) Marriage through a waliby a minor below the prescribed ages shall be regarded as betrothal and may be annulled upon the petition of either party within four years after attaining the age of puberty, provided no 4 Code of Muslim Personal Laws, Chapter II, Section I, Article 14 Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 4Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines voluntary cohabitation has taken place and the wali who contracted the marriage was other than the father or paternal grandfather. Apparently, the Code of Muslim Personal Laws has more requirements for contracting parties to comply before they can enter into marriage. Under the Family Code, the cont racting must be at least eighteen years of age, in such case when one of the parties is below eighteen the marriage will be void which will be discussed below. On the other hand, Code of Muslim of Personal laws, the male must be at least fifteen years of age and the female must be of the age of puberty with the presumption provided in the Code that females attain their puberty at the age of fifteen. Also, the female must not be below twelve years of age, in such case the marriage may be annullable. 3. Void and Voidable Marriages under Family Code and Prohibited Marriages under Code of Muslim Personal Laws Family Code of the Philippines Art. 35.The following marriages shall be void from the beginning: (1) Those contracted by any party below eighteen years of age even with the consent of parents or guardians; (2) Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages unless such marriages were contracted with either or both parties believing in good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so; (3) Those solemnized without a license, except those covered by the preceding Chapter; Code of Muslim Personal Laws Section 2.Prohibited Marriages Article 23. Bases of prohibition. No marriage may be contracted by parties within the prohibited degrees: (a) Of consanguinity; (b) Of affinity; and (c) Of fosterage. Article 24. Prohibition by consanguinity (tahrimjbin-nasab). No marriage shall be contracted between: (a) Ascendants and descendants of any degree; 5 Family Code of the Philippines [1988], Art. 3 (1) Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 5Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines (4) Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not falling under Article 41; (5) Those contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to the identity of the other; and (6) Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53. Art. 36. A marriage co ntracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization.Art. 37. Marriages between the following are incestuous and void from the beginning, whether the relationship between the parties be legitimate or illegitimate: (1) Between ascendants and descendants of any degree; and (2) Between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half-blood. Art. 38. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning for reasons of public policy: (1) Between collateral blood relatives, whether legitimate or illegitimate, up o the fourth civil degree; (2) Between step-parents and stepchildren; (3) Between parents-in-law and childrenin-law; (4) Between the adopting parent and the adopted child; (5) Between the surviving spouse of the adopting parent and the adopted child; (6) Between the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter; Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 (b) Brothers and sisters, whether germane, consanguine or uterine; and (c) Brothers or sisters and their descendants within the third civil degree. Article 25. Prohibition by affinity (tahrim-billmusahara). 1) No marriage shall be contracted between: (a) Any of the spouses and their respective affinal relatives in the ascending line and in the collateral line within the third degree; (b) Stepfather and stepdaughter when the marriage between the former and the mother of the latter has been consummated; (c) Stepmother and stepson when the marriage between the former and the father of the latter has been consummated; and (d) Stepson or stepdaughter and the widow, widower or divorcee of their respective ascendants. 2) The prohibition under this article applies even after the dissolution of the marriage creating the affinal relationship. Article 26. Prohibition due to fosterage (tahrim-bir-rada'a). (1) No person may validly cont ract marriage with any woman who breastfed him for at least five times within two years after his birth. (2) The prohibition on marriage by reason of consanguinity shall likewise apply to persons related by fosterage within the same degrees, subject to exception recognized by Muslim law. Section 4.Batil and Fasi Marriages Article 31. Batil marriages. The following marriages shall be void (batil) from the beginning: Page 6 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines (7) Between an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter; (8) Between adopted children of the same adopter; and (9) Between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, killed that other person’s spouse, or his or her own spouse.Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during the subsistence of a previous marriage shall be null and void unless before the celebration of the subsequent marriage , the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the spouse present had a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code, and absence of only two years shall be sufficient. xx Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may marry again after complying with the requirements of the immediately preceding Article; otherwise, the subsequent marriage shall be null and void. (a) Those contracted contrary to Articles 23, 24, 25 and 26; (b) Those contracted in contravention of the prohibition against unlawful conjunction; and (c) Those contracted by parties one or both of whom have been found guilty of having killed the spouse of either of them. Article 32. Fasid marriages.The following marriages shall be irregular (fasid) from their performance: (a) Those contracted with a female observing ‘idda; (b) Those contracted cont rary to Article 30; (c) Those wherein the consent of either party is vitiated by violence, intimidation, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation; (d) Those contracted by a party in a condition of death-illness (marad-ul-mault) without the same being consummated; (e) Those contracted by a party in a state of ihram; and (f) Mixed marriages not allowed under Islamic law.The Family Code provides for marriages that are void and voidable due to the fact that these marriages are contracted with either the absence of both essential and formal requisites and defect or irregularity in the essential or formal requisites. The Code of Muslim Personal Laws, on the other hand provides for several instances where a marriage is prohibited, void and irregular. Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 7Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines 4. Legal Separation and Divorce Family Code of the Philippines Art. 55. A pet ition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds: (1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner; (2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or olitical affiliation; (3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement; (4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment or more than six years, even if pardoned; (5) Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent; (6) Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent; (7) Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad; bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad; (8) Sexual infidelity or perversion; (9) Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or (10) Aba ndonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year. Code of Muslim Personal Laws Chapter Three DIVORCE (TALAQ) Section 1. Nature and Form Article 45. Definition and forms. Divorce is the formal dissolution of the marriage bond in accordance with this Code to be granted only after the exhaustion of all possible means of reconciliation between the spouses.It may be effected by: (a) Repudiation of the wife by the husband (talaq); (b) Vow of continence by the husband (ila); (c) Injurious assanilation of the wife by the husband (zihar); (d) Acts of imprecation (li'an); (e) Redemption by the wife (khul'); (f) Exercise by the wife of the delegated right to repudiate (tafwld); or (g) Judicial decree (faskh). Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 8 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines There is a big difference between legal separation and divorce because the form er only covers separation of bed and board while the latter is an absolute separation. Any divorce proceeding undertaken before the Shari’a Court is valid, recognized, binding and sufficient divorce proceedings. 6 Article 13 of PD No. 1083 does not provide for a situation where the parties were married both in civil and Muslim rites.Consequently, the shari’a courts are not vested with original and exclusive jurisdiction when it comes to marriages celebrated under both civil and Muslim laws. 7 Specifically, divorce in Islam is classified into different types in relation to the grounds that may be used by either the husband or the wife in separating from each other. A divorce by talaq may be affected by the husband in a single repudiation of his wife during her nonmenstrual period within which he has totally abstained from carnal relation with her. 8 A wife in a Muslim marriage may be granted a decree of divorce where her husband makes a vow to abstain from any carnal re lations with his wife and keeps such for a period of not less than four (4) months. Another is the divorce by zihar, where a husband has injuriously assimilated his wife to any of his relatives within the prohibited degrees of marriage, in such case they shall mutually refrain from having carnal relation until he shall have performed the prescribed expiation. 10 Where the husband accuses his wife of adultery, a decree of perpetual divorce may be granted by the court. 11 The wife could also, after having offered to return or renounce her dower or to pay any other lawful consideration for her release from the marriage bond, petition the court for divorce. 12 If the husband has delegated to the wife the right to effect a talaq at the time of the celebration of the marriage or thereafter, she may repudiate the marriage and the 6 7 Zamoranos v. People [2011] G. R. No. 193902 Tamano v. Ortiz [1998] G. R. No. 26603 8 P. D. No. 1083 [1977], Article 46 (1) 9 Ibid, Article 47 10 Ibid, Article 48 11 Ibid, Article 49 12 Ibid, Article 50 Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 9 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines repudiation would have the same effect as if it were pronounced by the husband himself. 13 Lastly, the wife may petition a decree of divorce by faskh (judicial decree) subject to some grounds. A decree of faskh on the ground of unusual cruelty may be granted by the court upon petition of the wife. 14 Muslim spouses, because of divorce granted by P. D. No. 083 for Islamic marriages have many ways in order to separate themselves from each other. Grounds for divorce decree are even classified as to whom it may apply, either to the wife or the husband taking into account the different situations that they may experience in their married life. On the other hand, the Family Code also provides spouses to separate from each other but only limited, however legitimate the grounds are. The grounds for legal separation provided by the Family Code are more specific and relatively of the same weight with the grounds for divorce provided by P. D. No. 1083. However, the Family Code does not at all give the spouses the right to be divorced. 5.Effects of Legal Separation and Divorce Family Code of the Philippines Art. 63. The decree of legal separation shall have the following effects: (1) The spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other, but the marriage bonds shall not be severed; (2) The absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but the offending spouse shall have no right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, which shall be forfeited in accordance with the provisions of Article 43(2); (3) The custody of the minor children shall 13 14 Code of Muslim Personal Laws Article 54. Effects of irrevocable talaq or faskh.A talaq or faskh, as soon as it becomes i rrevocable, shall have the following effects: (a) The marriage bond shall be severed and the spouses may contract another marriage in accordance with this Code; (b) The spouses shall lose their mutual rights of inheritance; (c) The custody of children shall be determined in accordance with Article 78 of this code; (d) The wife shall be entitled to recover from the husband her whole dower in case the talaq Ibid, Article 51 See Article 52-53 of P. D. No. 1083 [1977] Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 10 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines be awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and (4) The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting from the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of law. as been affected after the consummation of the marriage, or one-half thereof if effected before its consummation; (e) The husband shal l not be discharged from his obligation to give support in accordance with Article 67; and (f) The conjugal partnership, if stipulated in the marriage settlements, shall be dissolved and liquidated. The huge difference between the two Codes with regard to the effects of either legal separation or divorce is that in legal separation, the spouse are only entitled to live separately from each other and their marriage bonds shall not be severed while in Islamic divorce, marriage bonds between divorced parties shall be severed and they are entitled to contract a subsequent marriage provided they comply with the requisites to enter into another marriage. The Family does not provide that legally separated spouses can enter into another marriage.In the Family Code, the offending spouse shall not have any right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute community or the conjugal partnership while in P. D No. 1083, the spouses shall lose their mutual rights of inheritance. As to t he custody of the children, the Family Code provides that the innocent shall be granted custody subject to conditions, while in P. D. No. 1083; custody shall be determined by Article 78 of the same code. 15 Similarly PD No. 1083 is clear that where the parents are not divorced or legally separated, the father and mother shall jointly exercise just and reasonable parental authority and fulfill their responsibility over 15 Article 78 of P.D. No. 1083 otherwise known as Code of Muslim Personal laws states that (1) the care and custody of children below seven years of age whose parents are divorced shall belong to the mother or, in her absence, to the maternal grandmother, the paternal grandmother, the sister and aunts. In their default, it shall devolve upon the father and the nearest paternal relatives. The minor above seven years of age but below the age of puberty may choose the parent with whom he wants to stay. (2) The unmarried daughter who has reached the age of puberty shall st ay with the father; the son, under the same circumstances, shall stay with the mother. Andres C.Soguilon JD-1 Page 11 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines their legitimate children. 16 However, in a case where the mother was originally a Catholic woman and when she separated from her Muslim husband, converted back into Catholicism: â€Å"The standard in the determination of sufficiency of proof, however, is not restricted to Muslim laws. The Family Code shall be taken into consideration in deciding whether a non-Muslim woman is incompetent. What determines her capacity is the standard laid down by the Family Code now that she is not a Muslim. †17 6.The Family Code, the Code of Muslim Personal Laws and the Constitution The Constitution defines marriage, as an inviolable social institution, the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State. 18 The State shall defend the right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood. 19 Some scholars especially from the Catholic Church are against divorce because not only does it contravene the teachings of the Bible but according to them it is also against the Constitution which mandates the State to protect marriage as an inviolable social institution. The author would like to believe that Muslim divorce is deemed to be a kind of divorce equivalent to an absolute abrogation of marriage.However, Muslim divorce is protected by the enactment of P. D No. 1083 which granted full autonomy and authority to Muslim’s customs and traditions the marriage relations between Muslims. The 1973 Constitution which is in effect when the Code of Muslim Personal Laws was enacted provides that â€Å"the State shall consider the customs, traditions, beliefs and interests of national cultural communities in the formulation and implementation of State policies. It is the author’s opinion that there is already a conflict between the two provisions arising from the enactment of P. D. No. 1083. However, it is doubtful 16 Bondagjy v Bondagjy, [2001], G. R. No. 140817 17 18Ibid The 1987 Philippine Constitution [1986], Article XV, Section 2 19 Ibid, Section 3 Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 12 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines if the question of constitutionality can be raised, considering the provision of Article XVII, section 3(2) of the same Constitution, which reads: â€Å"All†¦decrees.. promulgated, issued, or done by the incumbent President shall be part of the law of the land, and shall remain valid, binding and effective even after the lifting of martial law†20 20 Andres H. Hagad, Comments on the Muslim Code: A Paper on P. D. No. 083, Philippine Law Journal [1977] Vol. 52 Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 13 Comparative Analysis of the Family Code and Code of Muslim Personal Laws on Marriage, Legal Separation and Islamic Divorce in the Philippines References: Articles: Andres H. Hagad, Comments on the Muslim Code: A Paper on P. D. No. 1083, Philippine Law Journal [1977] Vol. 52 Cases: Bondagjy v Bondagjy, December 7, 2001, G. R. No. 140817 Tamano v Ortiz, June 29, 1998, G. R. No. 126603 Zamoranos v People, G. R. No. 193902, June 1, 2011 Laws: The 1987 Philippine Constitution [1986] Presidential Decree No. 1083 [1977] The Family Code of the Philippines [1988] Andres C. Soguilon JD-1 Page 14

Child Observations Essay

Target child Child observation details Date of observation: 28th December 2011 Time I saw good hand and eye co ordination when he was using his fine pincer grasp while he was drawing. He didn’t really have a preferred hand as he used both hands but mainly his right. He seemed to enjoy drawing which is brilliant for his fine motor skills. He completed the task of getting the pencils out of the case using his thumb, fore finger and middle finger. During my observation I didn’t see the child manipulating toys but this doesn’t mean that the child is unable to do so. As it was in the evening â€Å"TC† was easily distracted. His concentration levels were very low. â€Å"TC† showed no problem to run and walk and was very steady on his feet. This was observed when his Nan called him over to the kitchen. Again this showed good control of body movement. This would be considered the norm for his age appropriate activity development. â€Å"TC† had no problem in using his palmer grasp as he was picking up the pencils with his fist and colouring that way, he would hold the pencil tight with his thumb. â€Å"TC† was able to perform a very delicate procedure with the eyes influencing the fingers. According to Piaget, Piaget suggests that a child learns because of things happening to them e. g. praise and learning from his own actions. According to Piaget children are active in their own development and use experiences to develop an understanding of the world. Recommendations During my observation I noticed that â€Å"TC† was a bit lethargic but did very well even though if he had had a nap earlier that day he would have been more assertive. The role of the adult in promoting physical development is making sure the adult helps the child get enough sleep and rest. He had no interest in activities only the television until his Nan called him. I recommend that more activities are provided for â€Å"TC† like running, outdoor play and swimming to help develop his gross motor skills. Games such as playing with blocks, play- dough and sand could help develop fine motor skills. I would recommend that â€Å"TC† has more space to play as he was restricted to the kitchen table while his Nan was preparing and cooking the dinner. Adults should provide a safe and hygienic environment for the child to play and I do not think that the kitchen was a safe place while the Nan was cooking. Personal learning I learned what the physical norm for a child is and how children develop differently. It is important you show an interest in what the child is doing and how much you must praise and encourage them. I learned that it is important that you correct a child when they are wrong but in a way that they won’t feel undermined. I learned its important you introduce various activities to the child to help them develop their fine and gross motor skills. I saw how â€Å"TC† got bored easily so its important to keep them interested and active. I now know how important it is to be a good role model as children will imitate adults in everything they do no matter how young they are. I learned how important health and safety is especially with young children. I learned simple things like how to do a physical observation and how a checklists works. I now realise that young children need so much of an adult’s time and attention. I discovered Piaget was a good theorist for Physical development. Evaluation method In this observation I decided to do a checklist so I had it prepared before the observation took place. Before the observation I did quiet a bit of research on emotional development.

In What Ways Did Deng’s Leadership Bring Change to China in the Late 1970s and 1980s Essay

After Mao’s death in 1976, Deng abandoned the Maoist economic model and decided to open China up to free market economic reforms and Western style capitalism – all carefully controlled by the state still. He also introduced the ‘One Child’ policy. The domestic social, political, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Deng’s time as leader. The goals of Deng’s reforms were summarized by the Four Modernizations, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military. The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the socialist market economy. For agriculture, it changed for the better. Deng first took steps to repair the damage done to farm production during the Great Leap Forward. In place of the communes he established the contract responsibility system. Under this arrangement, the government rented land to individual farm families, who then decided for themselves what to produce. The families contracted with the government simply to provide a certain amount of crops at a set price. Once the contract was fulfilled, the families were free to sell any extra crops at markets for whatever prices they could get. This chance to make more money by growing more crops greatly increased China’s farm production. Since the introduction of the contract responsibility system, Chinese farmers produced about 8 percent more each year than they did in the previous year. And many farmers have benefited greatly from the new plan. Under the contract responsibility system, families still did not own the land. The long-term leases awar ded by the government, however, helped to develop an â€Å"owner† attitude among the farmers. As a result, many families have made improvements to the land. As for the economy, Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of Special Economic Zones, where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged. Which meant that China needed Western technology and investment, and that it could open the door to foreign businesses who wanted to set up in China. The reforms centered on improving labor productivity as well. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants’ homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did rural markets increase agricultural output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms. Another change for China was it’s industry, the four modernizations affected the industry positively. It provided electricity in the rural areas, industrial automation, a new economic outlook, and greatly enhanced defense strength. His program for industry had two goals. First, he wanted people to spend more money on consumer goods. Therefore, he changed the focus from heavy industry to light industry, the production of small consumer goods such as clothing, appliances, and bicycles. He also wanted factories to step up production. So he gave more decision-making power to individual factory managers. And he started a system of rewards for managers and workers who found ways to make factories produce more. All in all, these changes brought good results, and changed China for the better and is the China that is here today. Deng’s leadership really helped modernize China.

Tiger Airways- Singapore Essay

Our marketing team ran a market investigation in Guangzhou, China. The aim of this research is to understand who are the core users, what are their flight experience and which values define them. The answers will lead us to comprehend their purchasing behaviour, hence allow us to plan a strategy for our company’s expansion. We will conduct our research with in mind Tiger Airway’s mission and vision: Mission – to address the needs of our budget conscious travellers looking for a reliable and fun low-fare service in the Asia pacific region. Vision – we will empower people to explore new destinations and accumulate memorable experiences by providing an expanding network of destinations and affordable travel options. We will always commit to maintain the highest norms of safety, security and reliability. As you may know, our budget carrier model revolves around three customer focused core strategy: Market stimulation – creating possibilities for new travellers and empowering budget conscious customers to fly more. Cost controls – keeping fares low Capacity utilisation – maximising and planning air traffic With approximately 1.35 billion citizens the Chinese market is alluring for any businesses, mostly for low cost carriers. However, the diversity of mind and purchasing power can be a great challenge for our expansion. To meet the needs, wants and expectations of each category of customers, we undertook a market research with the help of two Chinese student through a laddering interview. The answers gave us a glimpse of the desires of this population. Further, more thorough, market research must be made before any decisions are taken. We, also, allowed ourselves to provide in this report, a non-exhaustive list of suggestions, after having developed some understanding of the customer’s key insights. Although our role is to research, we thought it would offer us further hints before a final verdict is made.

Sunny Phone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sunny Phone - Essay Example Sunny Phone has all the advanced features of latest available mobile phones with attractive designs. Its uniqueness is that its battery can be charged using solar power. Australian mobile manufacturing industry is highly competitive and matured as most of the market leaders are present in this market. With favorable economic condition, the Australian telecommunication industry is growing and there are significant opportunities for Green-Tech. To penetrate the market, Green-Tech’s marketing strategy will focus on enhancement of consumers’ value and its core generic strategy will be differentiation focused strategy. For controlling and planning, Green-Tech has developed management and financial plans. There will be expert management teams for each department. As per the market analysis, the sales forecast for Sunny Phone is determined 3600 units during first year, and using this figure, the financial planning has been projected. Initial start up cost for Green-Tech is aro und AUD 24 million and the company is expected to earn AUD 97200 in its first operating year. 2. Introduction In the post-modern age of trade and business, starting a new venture is very challenging task as prevailing market is very competitive. Besides, the risks associated with a new venture are always higher than existing business. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a business plan forecasting entire business activities before starting the venture and business plan is also helpful in convincing investors for generating necessary funds (Peterson, Jaret and Schenck, p.13). This paper will attempt to present a business plan based on an innovative product. There will be brief descriptions regarding the overview of company, product, market analysis, major strength & weaknesses, management plan and financial plan. This paper will also offer a set of plausible recommendations for successful product launch. 3. Company Overview and Its Mission, Vision and Objectives ‘Green-T ech Private Ltd’ is privately held company which is engaged in manufacturing an innovative mobile phone and it will be owned by a number of shareholders who will make significant financial contributions. The primary aim of this company is to manufacture and offer eco-friendly mobile phones. The company has realized the importance of practising green business in reducing the negative impact of business activity. The fundamental business value and ethics of Green-Tech involve value maximization of its stakeholders by developing growth oriented organisational and work culture. The company will operate in Australian market by setting up its manufacturing plant, research and development center and a corporate office. The location of plants, office and R&D center will be selected by as per the market viabilities. The shareholders will be legal owners and responsible for managing and controlling business activities. In order to develop a growth orientated business structure and stra tegies, company’s mission, vision and specific objectives are developed and given below Mission statement: Green-Tech is committed to offer products which will have least negative impact on environment and society. Therefore, the company’s mission statement is to offer eco-friendly products that will enhance the value of consumers and their environment by using innovative technology. Vision Statement: Green-Tec

Consumer behaviour 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer behaviour 5 - Essay Example This is true because most cultures that were exhibited in the last century are no longer practiced today as the new ones have replaced them. Nevertheless, Falk and Falk (2005) argue that a particular society may have more than one culture at any given time. At the same time, findings showed that youths are the most expressive when it comes to understanding the modern culture of a country or society (Moor, 2003). This makes me agree with the claim that to understand contemporary culture one needs to analyze the trends of its youth. To begin with, contemporary culture can be defined as the present culture exhibited by people of a given society as opposed inherited culture (Arvidsson, 2005). Some of the typical examples of contemporary culture include modern films, new arts, music, and literature among others. ‘Understanding culture,’ therefore, implies understanding the reasons behind the creation of these new cultures (Falk and Falk, 2005). Therefore, for us to understand culture, we must consider not only the obvious features expressed in the new culture but also the issues hidden in the new culture. A typical example can be drawn by looking at the new trends taking place in the music industry. Here, one can see clearly that the new trends being developed in the music industry has their origins from youths in society as noted by Arvidsson (2005). Take, for example, the hip-hop music, which has become a very common music among the youths of this generation. Certainly, hip-hop was not a type of music for the older generation rather has its roots from young people. As a result, one can conclude with certainty that contemporary culture reflects the trends of youths since they are created by youths. Arvidsson (2005) argues that young people are very flamboyant. As such, the beliefs and trends they follow are the most evident in society as opposed to that of the older generation. At the same time, evidence shows that when a given culture arises, it is th em who accepts it first and adopt it as opposed to the older generation, which tend to be more conservative. This is another reason that suggests that the trends of the youth is critical to undemanding the contemporary culture. The fact that youths are normally open-minded makes it easy for them to be influenced easily by new cultures. Take for examples globalization that has become part of the modern culture. Falk and Falk (2005) note that today globalization has permeated all aspects of social life, with its impacts being felt mostly among youths. A case in point is the increasing popularity of foreign language teachers and colleges’ couples with the growing number of multilingual youths who have embraced the culture of traveling from one country to another and coming across different cultures (Moor, 2003). Here, one can easily see the globalization elements of contemporary culture. This example shows that one can easily understand the culture of today by analyzing movement s of young people. A closer look at history also shows that most cultural revolutions originated from youth protests. The hippie movement of the 1960’s that began in the U.S. and later one spread to the rest of the world is a classical example of a cultural revolution, whose origin can be traced back to youth unrest according to Falk and Falk (2005). This movement is said to have been formed by youths due to frustrations they went through at the hands of the middle class who were increasingly focusing

PC Chipsets Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PC Chipsets - Case Study Example This was up by roughly 2.1 % from the previous year. Its next closest competitor was Toshiba, which barely took second place with 5.0% of the total market. This was not a good year for Toshiba, which saw its market share drop by almost 1% from the previous year. Closely nipping at its heels was STMicroelectronics, a company that took in 4.7% of the market. The company did relatively well, with its share up from 4.0% in 2000. Texas Instruments and Samsung complete the top 5 microchip industry leaders, but both showed signs of decline in 2001, in a nod to a terrible year for microchip producers. Everyone knows just how dominant Intel is in the microchip and microprocessor business. But since Paul Otellini began his tenure as CEO in 2006, Intel has rapidly diversified its business approach. According to Mcgregor (2007), "The new Intel is changing the competitive landscape with its expansion into new markets. Thus, entry into these industries has brought new competition for the silicon giant from companies such as ARM and VIA in the low-power form factors and consumer electronics space, while more traditional competitors such as AMD and IBM adopt a flanking stance to these new strategies. ( p. 17) AMD has actually been trying numerous strategies to try and catch up with the dominance of Intel. In what some industry analysts viewed as a ploy to increase their share price, AMD filed an antitrust suit against Intel. Business Week (2005) states that "the company has filed sealed court documents alleging that Intel Corp. used unfair business practices and scare tactics to stop AMD from winning microprocessor contracts with major computer makers" (p. 9) Intel would later sharply refute these allegations, arguing that its rival was the victim of its own lapses in judgment. In a nutshell, AMD is the only major competitor in the processor market. Competitors in PC chipsets include VIA Technologies, SiS, ATI, and Nvidia, and its competitors in flash memory include Spansion, Samsung, and Hynix. 1 2. Products that use the Intel Chip The world's largest semiconductor company is the inventor of x86 series of microprocessors, which is basically the processor found in most of the world's computers. It is responsible for much of the growth in the personal computer industry, and is the undisputed leader in producing microprocessor chips. In the 1980's at the onset of the personal computer revolution, Intel supplied chips to both IBM and Compaq, setting up the stage for a competitive market for PC-compatible systems. This set up Intel as a key component supplier in the rapidly emerging market. Today, the biggest names in the market make use of the Core2Duo and Intel Centrino processors in what serves as the closest thing to a market standard. Among many others, heavyweights such as Dell and IBM use Intel processors in all of their desktop and notebook pc models. Even former competitors have started to join the fray, as the New York Times (2007) announced that "Sun Microsytems and Intel, two technology companies that ha ve rarely found themselves on the same side of the aisle, announced a deal on Monday for Sun to use Intel chips in some of its computer servers, a setback for rival chip maker Advanced Micro Devices" ( p. 8) However, the biggest coup for Intel was when Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be switching from its PowerPC